@article {11515935620160506,
	title = {Achieving QoS in Virtual MIMO systems: a satisfaction equilibrium analysis.},
	journal = {EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications \& Networking},
	volume = {2016},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1 - 13},
	abstract = {This paper presents a game theoretic framework to analyze a cellular-WLAN heterogeneous network from a virtual multiple-input multiple-output (VMIMO) perspective. Namely, we restrict to the uplink case and consider a non-cooperative game where each user seeks to meet some quality of service (QoS). Moreover, mobile users are allowed to re-inject, through their WLAN interfaces, a part of their throughput in the induced game. Thus, the interaction among users defines a distributed VMIMO with a possibly throughput exchange. This mechanism will help all users to meet their respective QoS expressed by the perceived average throughput. The average throughput is considered to be the utility function used in this framework. Now, each mobile user experiences a certain throughput composed of two parts: (1) the throughput received from cellular subsystem and (2) the throughput received from WLAN subsystem. Naturally, we use the concept of satisfaction equilibrium to predict the behavior of the ne},
	keywords = {Cellular/WLAN heterogeneous network, Equilibrium {\textendash} Research, Game theory, Game theory {\textendash} Research, MIMO systems {\textendash} Research, Quality of service, Quality of service {\textendash} Research, Satisfaction equilibrium, Virtual multiple input multiple output, Wireless LANs {\textendash} Research},
	issn = {16871472},
	url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&db=iih\&AN=115159356\&site=ehost-live},
	author = {Bennani, Hassan and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El-Koutbi, Mohamed}
}
@article { ISI:000375569000001,
	title = {Achieving QoS in Virtual MIMO systems: a satisfaction equilibrium analysis},
	journal = {EURASIP JOURNAL ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING},
	year = {2016},
	month = {MAY 6},
	abstract = {This paper presents a game theoretic framework to analyze a cellular-WLAN heterogeneous network from a virtual multiple-input multiple-output (VMIMO) perspective. Namely, we restrict to the uplink case and consider a non-cooperative game where each user seeks to meet some quality of service (QoS). Moreover, mobile users are allowed to re-inject, through their WLAN interfaces, a part of their throughput in the induced game. Thus, the interaction among users defines a distributed VMIMO with a possibly throughput exchange. This mechanism will help all users to meet their respective QoS expressed by the perceived average throughput. The average throughput is considered to be the utility function used in this framework. Now, each mobile user experiences a certain throughput composed of two parts: (1) the throughput received from cellular subsystem and (2) the throughput received from WLAN subsystem. Naturally, we use the concept of satisfaction equilibrium to predict the behavior of the network. Indeed, we provided a sufficient condition for the existence of such an equilibrium. Next, we prove the uniqueness of the equilibrium and compute it explicitly. Afterward, we propose a fully distributed algorithm inspired from the well-known Banach-Picard learning algorithm. Our scheme has many good features facilitating its implementation and usability. Indeed, it accurately converges to the equilibrium (if exists), it is very fast, and it requires no external information. Simulation results validate the algorithm and show its robustness and illustrate numerically the proposed learning scheme for quality-of-service management in such a heterogeneous network.},
	issn = {1687-1499},
	doi = {10.1186/s13638-016-0612-6},
	author = {Bennani, Hassan and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El-Koutbi, Mohamed}
}
@article { ISI:000384105900002,
	title = {Coalitional game-based behavior analysis for spectrum access in cognitive radios},
	journal = {WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS \& MOBILE COMPUTING},
	volume = {16},
	number = {14},
	year = {2016},
	month = {OCT 10},
	pages = {1910-1921},
	abstract = {The core of cognitive radio paradigm is to introduce cognitive devices able to opportunistically access the licensed radio bands. The coexistence of licensed and unlicensed users prescribes an effective spectrum hole-detection and a non-interfering sharing of those frequencies. Collaborative resource allocation and spectrum information exchange are required but often costly in terms of energy and delay. In this paper, each secondary user (SU) can achieve spectrum sensing and data transmission through a coalitional game-based mechanism. SUs are called upon to report their sensing results to the elected coalition head, which properly decides on the channel state and the transmitter in each time slot according to a proposed algorithm. The goal of this paper is to provide a more holistic view on the spectrum and enhance the cognitive system performance through SUs behavior analysis. We formulate the problem as a coalitional game in partition form with non-transferable utility, and we investigate on the impact of both coalition formation and the combining reports costs. We discuss the Nash Equilibrium solution for our coalitional game and propose a distributed strategic learning algorithm to illustrate a concrete case of coalition formation and the SUs competitive and cooperative behaviors inter-coalitions and intra-coalitions. We show through simulations that cognitive network performances, the energy consumption and transmission delay, improve evidently with the proposed scheme. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1530-8669},
	doi = {10.1002/wcm.2658},
	author = {Belghiti, Imane Daha and Elmachkour, Mouna and Berrada, Ismail and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
@conference { ISI:000386851600006,
	title = {A College Admissions Game for Content Caching in Heterogeneous Delay Tolerant Networks},
	booktitle = {2016 23RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS (ICT)},
	year = {2016},
	note = {23rd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Thessaloniki, GREECE, MAY 16-18, 2016},
	abstract = {In recent years, Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have been successfully presented as a possible extension of the Internet architecture in order to provide communication support to existing networks. However, these networks have a major issue which is the coordination among relays. In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism source-relay association approach for heterogeneous DTNs that exploits the information about the history and predictability of the relay nodes while also we focus on the source packet dissemination to a destination using tow-hop relaying scheme, considering network resource constraints: the relay buffer, the packet life time, and the energy consumption according to the mobile technologies. We formulate the problem as a college admissions game in which a number of colleges, i.e., data source seek to recruit a number of students, i.e., relays nodes. In this game, the data source and relays nodes rank one another based on preference functions that capture the data sources need to optimize their utilities which are functions of packet success rate and delay. We propose a novel distributed algorithm that leads to a stable matching among data sources and relays nodes. We show that the proposed approach can yields the better performance improvement of the traffic among the source and destination node.},
	isbn = {978-1-5090-1990-8},
	author = {Oualhaj, Omar Ait and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El Koutbi, Mohammed}
}
@conference { ISI:000390993202059,
	title = {A Game Theoretic Approach for an Hybrid Overlay-Underlay Spectrum Access Mode},
	booktitle = {2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC)},
	series = {IEEE International Conference on Communications},
	year = {2016},
	note = {IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, MAY 22-27, 2016},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {Cognitive radio is emerging as a promising technique to improve the utilization of the radio frequency spectrum in wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a hybrid CR (cognitive radio) system where underlay and overlay CR approaches are combined under SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) constraints. This new access type allows to optimize the spectrum sensing time with throughput improvement. The goal of this paper is to provide a new access mode in order to enhance the cognitive system performance while reducing the power spent for detecting the presence of the primary user and the spectrum holes. We consider the problem of spectrum sharing among primary (or {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}licensed{{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}}) users (PUs) and secondary (or {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}unlicensed{{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}}) users (SUs). In this scheme, the spectrum allocation problem is modeled as a non cooperative game, with each CR user acting as a player. Nash equilibrium is considered as the solution of this game.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-6664-6},
	issn = {1550-3607},
	author = {Gmira, Sara and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Sabir, Essaid and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
@conference { ISI:000381477900169,
	title = {A Coalitional-Game-Based Incentive Mechanism for Content Caching in Heterogeneous Delay Tolerant Networks},
	booktitle = {2015 INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS \& MOBILE COMPUTING CONFERENCE (IWCMC)},
	series = {International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference},
	year = {2015},
	note = {11th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IEEE IWCMC), Dubrovnik, CROATIA, AUG 24-25, 2015},
	pages = {987-992},
	publisher = {IEEE; IEEE Croatia Sect; Univ Dubrovnik},
	organization = {IEEE; IEEE Croatia Sect; Univ Dubrovnik},
	abstract = {In recent years, Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have successfully presented as a possible extension of the Internet architecture in order to provide communication support to existing networks. However, these networks have a major issue which is the coordination among relays. In this work, we study the cooperative transmission for DTNs using coalitional game theory. We design a new incentive mechanism for heterogeneous system to induce coordination among DTN relays. In particular, we focus on the source packet dissemination to a destination using tow-hop relaying scheme, considering networks resource constraints: the relay buffer, the packet life time, and the energy consumption according to the mobile technologies. Rational mobiles are organized into separate coalition structures to meet a trade off between the source reward and the energy conservation. We discus the Nash equilibria for our game and the stable strategy state in which no mobile can get a higher payoff through changing unilaterally its coalition. Then, we use the distributed imitative Boltzmann-Gibbs learning algorithm enabling relays to learn the Nash equilibrium strategy; grand coalition. The improvement of the global system performance is examined, and a comparison between different inter-node collaboration states is presented.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-5344-8},
	issn = {2376-6492},
	author = {Oualhaj, Omar Ait and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Elmachkour, Mouna and Sabir, Essaid and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
@article { ISI:000351605500008,
	title = {Data traffic-based analysis of delay and energy consumption in cognitive radio networks with and without resource reservation},
	journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS},
	volume = {28},
	number = {7},
	year = {2015},
	month = {MAY 10},
	pages = {1316-1328},
	abstract = {A new opportunistic cross-layer MAC protocol involving channel allocation and packet scheduling for cognitive radio networks is proposed. Cognitive radio allows secondary users (SUs) to exploit the available portions of the licensed spectrum bands without interfering with primary users. In particular, we consider a cognitive radio system, where SUs are equipped with two transceivers: a control transceiver and a software-defined radio transceiver. Data traffic characteristics of SUs are considered to ameliorate system performance. So, we propose a mechanism of resource reservation to improve QoS requirements that favors successful SUs to transmit data during x time slots without interfering with primary users. The key novelty of this paper is giving priority for SUs with important data traffic and which frequently solicits data channels to transmit for the remaining time of the ongoing time slot and for the next time slots directly after checking the channel availability. We develop a new analytical model to evaluate delay parameter for two scenarios with and without resource reservation and we then investigate the impact of those scenarios on the energy consumption. We show through simulations that cognitive radio performances increase noticeably with the proposed scheme. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
	issn = {1074-5351},
	doi = {10.1002/dac.2764},
	author = {Elmachkour, Mouna and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Sabir, Essaid and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El Koutbi, Mohammed}
}
@article { ISI:000360910900010,
	title = {A ferry-assisted solution for forwarding function in Wireless Sensor Networks},
	journal = {PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING},
	volume = {22},
	number = {SI},
	year = {2015},
	month = {SEP},
	pages = {126-135},
	abstract = {For sure, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming an ultimate part of next generation mobile networks. They are a master piece for Ubiquitous computing. Indeed, they sustain development of numerous paradigms/ technologies such as distributed ambient intelligence, context-awareness and future mobile networking (e.g., B4G and 5G). Battery life remains one of the crucial problems to handle. In this article we propose an infrastructure-based topology using mobile ferries (mobile micro-base stations). In real life, a ferry could be robot, bus, tram, train or any other engine scrutinizing periodically a given area. Yet, message ferries are moving along concentric annulus and may collect data generated by the static sensors (could be classic sensors, smart meters, wearable devices, etc.) randomly distributed on given area. Next, transmissions are performed in a ferry-to-ferry forwarding scheme till arriving at the sink. Considered ferries could sense themselves data and therefore behave as mobile sensors allowing better awareness on the area state {[}1-3]. Our scheme could also assist Machine-to-Machine communications to increase the network lifetime, with potentially some cognitive-radio capabilities and opportunistic detection and access. Our proposal can easily be integrated in a smart-city for better interaction and green communications. Next, we present a queueing model (queues with finite capacity) to handle the generated traffic and to analyze the behavior of mobile ferries. We provided a close-form expression for both end-to-end throughput and end-to-end delay. The main objective of this work is to improve the energy efficiency of the cognitive sensors by asking cognitive sensors to not care about forwarding data of each other except for urgent data, this latter point is out of the scope of the paper. These static sensors will only care about data sensing, which will reduce their individual energy consumption. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1574-1192},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pmcj.2015.05.003},
	author = {Oualhaj, Omar Ait and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Sabir, Essaid and Ben-Othman, Jalel and Erradi, Mohammed}
}
@conference { ISI:000382389300061,
	title = {A Signaling Game-based Mechanism to Meet Always Best Connected Service in VANETs},
	booktitle = {2015 IEEE GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM)},
	series = {IEEE Global Communications Conference},
	year = {2015},
	note = {IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), San Diego, CA, DEC 06-10, 2015},
	publisher = {IEEE; QUALCOMM; Keysight Technologies; Huawei; Natl Instruments; Intel; InterDigital; LG Elect; IEEE Big Data; IEEE Stand Assoc; ViaSat; IEEE Commun Soc},
	organization = {IEEE; QUALCOMM; Keysight Technologies; Huawei; Natl Instruments; Intel; InterDigital; LG Elect; IEEE Big Data; IEEE Stand Assoc; ViaSat; IEEE Commun Soc},
	abstract = {In heterogeneous network environments, users need to have mechanisms in place to decide which network is the most suitable at each moment in time for every application that the user requires. Always Best Connected is considered as a special concept to allow users to get connected to Internet using the access technology that best suits their needs or profile at any point in time. Clearly, this concept provides multiple access simultaneously for mobile users moving in heterogeneous access network environment. In this paper, we introduce a signaling game approach to achieve an always best connected service in vehicular networks. Under the considered scenario, we consider two smart vehicles named player 1 and player 2 moving in a road network area equipped with heterogeneous access networks. We assume that player 1 (super player) only has complete information on the road network, whilst player 2 has not any information. Player 1 plays first and sends a signal to player 2 which can be accurate or distorted. Based on the received signal and his belief about that signal, player 2 chooses its own action: it computes its suitable path which provides it an always best connected service.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-5952-5},
	issn = {2334-0983},
	author = {Mabrouk, Abdelfettah and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Sabir, Essaid and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El Koutbi, Mohammed}
}
@conference { ISI:000366666805090,
	title = {Green Opportunistic Access for Cognitive Radio Networks: A Minority Game Approach},
	booktitle = {2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC)},
	series = {IEEE International Conference on Communications},
	year = {2014},
	note = {IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, AUSTRALIA, JUN 10-14, 2014},
	pages = {5372-5377},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {We investigate energy conservation and system performance of decentralized resource allocation scheme in cognitive radio networks thoroughly based on secondary users competitive behavior. Indeed, the contention on data channel unoccupied by licensed user leads to a single winner, but also involves a loss of energy of all nodes. In this paper, we apply minority game (MG) to the most important phase from the opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) process: the sensing phase. We attempt to carry out a cooperation in a non-cooperative environment with no information exchange. We study the Nash equilibrium solution for pure and fully mixed strategies, and we use distributed learning algorithms enabling cognitive users to learn the Nash equilibrium. Finally, we provide numerical results to validate the proposed approach. The resource allocation based on minority game approach improves secondary users battery life and the performance of the network.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-2003-7},
	issn = {1550-3607},
	author = {Elmachkour, Mouna and Daha, Imane and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel},
	editor = {Jamalipour, A and Deng, DJ}
}
@article { ISI:000348218400023,
	title = {The Greening of Spectrum Sensing: A Minority Game-Based Mechanism Design},
	journal = {IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE},
	volume = {52},
	number = {12},
	year = {2014},
	month = {DEC},
	pages = {150-156},
	abstract = {Cognitive radio technology allows the reuse of the underutilized frequency spectrum on an opportunistic and non-interfering basis by means of introducing, besides the legitimate primary users of the spectrum, a new kind of users called cognitive or secondary users. Thus, reliable spectrum sensing is critical to dynamically detect available licensed frequency bands and mitigate the primary signals, but it remains realistically difficult to carry out. In fact, although distributed collaborative sensing has turned out to be fruitful for the cognitive radio environment, its accuracy is often affected by the selfish and autonomous behavior of users. In this article, we model distributed spectrum sensing and channel allocation as a non-cooperative game, and apply the minority game to bring forth and study the cooperative behavior of users. The novelty brought by our study consists of alleviating the number of users contending for primary channels by giving them the opportunity to choose between the two, either sensing the channel or being inactive during the time slot. To address the trade-off faced by the SUs, we evaluate the performance of two secondary systems in a green communications context: energy consumption and transmission delay.},
	issn = {0163-6804},
	author = {Elmachkour, Mouna and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Ben-Othman, Jalel and El Koutbi, Mohammed}
}
@conference { ISI:000366666801147,
	title = {POMDP Game Framework for Service Providers Inciting Mobile Users},
	booktitle = {2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC)},
	series = {IEEE International Conference on Communications},
	year = {2014},
	note = {IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, AUSTRALIA, JUN 10-14, 2014},
	pages = {1742-1747},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	organization = {IEEE},
	abstract = {The trend today is to access Internet through mobile devices, and people start using smartphones more than computers. This kind of services requires frequent updates through small messages from editors like in social networks. Although the use of such applications is subject to fees and consumes energy from limited batteries of smartphones. If a user activates his mobile device and has a useful contact opportunity with an access point, an update is received at the expense of monetary and energy costs. Thus, users face a tradeoff between such costs and their utilities. The goal of this paper is to show how a user can cope with such a tradeoff, by deriving a threshold policies. We consider the multi-user case, where each user try to maximize its reward based on a bonus given by the provider. We study the optimal policy in the Nash equilibrium. An optimal policy consists of deciding, based on the age of the last message received and the availability of access points whether to activate the mobile device or not. We model our problem using a POMDP with an average reward criterion. The accuracy of our model is illustrated through simulations.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-2003-7},
	issn = {1550-3607},
	author = {Raiss-el-Fenni, Mohammed and El-Kamili, Mohamed and Ben-Othman, Jalel and Kobbane, Abdellatif},
	editor = {Jamalipour, A and Deng, DJ}
}
@conference { ISI:000361140000010,
	title = {A Tax-inspired Mechanism Design to Achieve QoS in VMIMO Systems : Give to Receive !},
	booktitle = {2014 INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND MOBILE COMPUTING CONFERENCE (IWCMC)},
	series = {International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference},
	year = {2014},
	note = {10th International Wireless Communications \& Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Nicosia, CYPRUS, AUG 04-08, 2014},
	pages = {56-62},
	publisher = {IEEE; IEEE Cyprus Sect; Frederick Univ},
	organization = {IEEE; IEEE Cyprus Sect; Frederick Univ},
	abstract = {In this paper, we model a Virtual MIMO system using a game-theoretic approach. We are interested in the uplink, considering a non-coopertive game, where each user try to satisfy a quality of service. The uplink of a direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) data network is considered and a non-cooperative game is proposed in which users are allowed to choose their uplink receivers as well as to satisfy their quality of service. The utility function used in this framework is defined so that the throughput used by the user is divided into two components : the throughput received from cellular Network, and throughput received from Virtual MIMO System. In addition, this framework is used to study a constrained Nash equilibrium for the proposed game, and the impact of the interaction among users.},
	isbn = {978-1-4799-0959-9},
	issn = {2376-6492},
	author = {Bennani, Hassan and Sabir, Essaid and Kobbane, Abdellatif and Walid, Abdellaziz and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
@conference { ISI:000312146500145,
	title = {Channel Allocation Strategies in Opportunistic-based Cognitive Networks},
	booktitle = {2012 8TH INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND MOBILE COMPUTING CONFERENCE (IWCMC)},
	series = {International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference},
	year = {2012},
	note = {8th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), Limassol, CYPRUS, AUG 27-31, 2012},
	pages = {872-877},
	publisher = {IEEE; IEEE Cyprus Sect; Frederick Univ},
	organization = {IEEE; IEEE Cyprus Sect; Frederick Univ},
	abstract = {The idea to allow unlicensed users to utilize licensed bands whenever it would not cause any interference is one of the fundaments of cognitive radio. In this paper we propose some allocation channel strategies to provide more QoS for unlicensed users. We assume that one channel is dedicated for unlicensed users that can eventually use licensed users channels if idle. The first allocation channel strategy reconsiders, in case of unavailable licensed users{\textquoteright}s channels, the request of unlicensed users to be processed by the dedicated channel. The second strategy doesn{\textquoteright}t reconsider it and simply reject it. QoS performances of the two patterns are evaluated and discussed using analytical models and simulations. For the first communication strategy, we based our model on the work of Habachi and Hayel which we enhance. We proceed to some corrections of mathematical and formulations errors. Analytical and simulation results show that the performances offered by the primary channels to secondary user are better than performances offered by the dedicated channel, however, the performance offered by the primary channels are negatively impacted by the cost of sensing.},
	isbn = {978-1-4577-1379-8},
	issn = {2376-6492},
	author = {Belkasmi, Yassin and Kobbane, Abdellatif and El Koutbi, Mohammed and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
@article { ISI:000305225200001,
	title = {Dynamic power control for energy harvesting wireless multimedia sensor networks},
	journal = {EURASIP JOURNAL ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {Optimization of energy usage in wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been an active research field for the last decades and various approaches have been explored. In fact, A well designed energy consumption model is the foundation for developing and evaluating a power management scheme in network of energy constrained devices such as: WSN. We are interested in developing optimal centralized power control policies for energy harvesting wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) equipped with photovoltaic cells. We propose a new complete information Markov decision process model to characterize sensor{\textquoteright}s battery discharge/recharge process and inspect the structural properties of optimal transmit policies.},
	issn = {1687-1499},
	doi = {10.1186/1687-1499-2012-158},
	author = {Koulali, Mohammed-Amine and Kobbane, Abdellatif and El Koutbi, Mohammed and Tembine, Hamidou and Ben-Othman, Jalel}
}
