Embedded Real-time Battery State-of-Charge Forecasting in Micro-Grid Systems

Micro-grid systems (MGS) are increasingly investigated for green and energy efficient buildings in order to reduce energy consumption while maintaining occupants’ comfort. It includes renewable energy sources for power production, storage devices for storing power excess, and control strategies for orchestrating all components and improving the system's efficiency. In fact, MGS can be seen as complex systems composed of different heterogeneous entities that interact dynamically and in collective manner in order to balance between energy efficiency and occupants’ comfort. However, the uncertainty and intermittency of energy production and consumption requires the development of real-time forecasting methods and predictive control strategies. The State-of-Charge (SoC) of batteries is one of the main parameters used in MGS predictive control algorithms. It indicates how much energy is stored and how long MGS can be relying on deployed storage devices. Several methods have been developed for SoC estimation, but little work, however, has been dedicated for SoC forecasting in MGS. In this paper, we focus on advancing MGS predictive control through near real-time embedded forecasting of batteries SoC. In fact, we have deployed, on two platforms, two forecasting methods, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA). Their accuracy and performance have been evaluated in both classical batch mode and streaming mode. Extensive experiments have been conducted for different forecasting horizons and results are presented using two main metrics, the accuracy and the computational time. Obtained results show that LSTM outperforms ARIMA for real-time forecasting, it has the better tradeoff in terms of forecasting accuracy and performance. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.